WHERE DID ALL THE BRA BURNERS GO?
Lately, I've been wondering what happened to all those women of the '60's.
Are they now complacent baby boomers, or has the American woman's demand for
equality reached a point of appeasement which has lead to a lackadaisical
attitude?
So I began researching the history of the women's liberation movement and
what I learned is that this seems to come about in waves, or cycles, of
reaffirmation. I also discovered that there is a lot more history behind the women's
movement than the skirmishes of the mid 20th century. It all started with the
nineteenth century and look at what these women have accomplished.
The first women's rights convention was held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, NY, in
which a Declaration of Sentiments was signed by 68 women and 32 men. This
declaration, which set the agenda for the women's rights movements, called for
equal treatment of women and men under the law and establishing voting rights for
women. Subsequently, in 1850, the first National Women's Rights Convention
took place in Worcester, Massachusetts.
In 1869, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton formed the National
Woman Suffrage Association, and Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell, et al formed the
American Woman Suffrage Association. Both groups, which strove to achieve
voting rights for women, joined together in 1890 to form the National American
Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). During the late 1800's and early 1900's,
states began adopting laws granting women the right to vote. In 1913, Lucy Burns
and Alice Paul formed the Congressional Union, which was later renamed the
National Women's Party. Members fought hard for the passage of a federal amendment
giving women the right to vote. On August 26, 1920, the 19th Amendment to the
Constitution of the United States was signed into law, granting women the
right to vote.
In 1896, the National Association of Colored Women was established. In 1935,
Mary McLeod Bethune organized the National Council of Negro Women which
lobbied against job discrimination, racism and sexism. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act
barred employment discrimination against race and sex and established the
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).
The National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) was formed in 1903 in an
effort to improve wages and working conditions for women. In 1963, the Equal Pay
Act was passed, making it illegal to pay a man more than a woman doing the same
job. In 1970, the US Court of appeals ruled that an employer could not change
the job titles of women in order to pay them less.
In 1916, Jeannette Rankin was the first woman elected to Congress, paving the
way for subsequent female Legislators.
Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which, in
1942, evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
In 1923, Alice Paul (National Women's Party) first wrote out the Equal Rights
Amendment. It would be almost half a century before it was placed into law.
In 1955, the first lesbian organization in the US, the Daughters of Bilitis
(DOB) was founded, which developed into a political organization seeking
acceptance of lesbians in America.
In 1961, Esther Peterson, director of the Women's Bureau of the Department of
Labor, encouraged President Kennedy to convene a Commission on the Status of
Women. Kennedy named Eleanor Roosevelt as its chair. In 1963, the commission
issued a report documenting discrimination against women in almost every aspect
of American life. State and local governments were quick to establish their
own commissions seeking changes to be initiated.
In 1963, Betty Friedan published her book, The Feminine Mystique, which
ignited the women's movement. She went on to found the National Organization for
Women (NOW) in 1966, which is the largest women's rights group in America. She
was also a key leader in the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in
1972.
In 1967, Lyndon Johnson's Executive Order 11375 went into effect, ensuring
women and minorities receive the same educational and employment opportunities
as white males.
Gloria Steinem co-founded "New York Magazine" in 1968, and in 1971, helped
co-found "Ms. Magazine", the National Women's Political Caucus and the Women's
Action Alliance. Ms. Steinem, along with Betty Friedan, is now considered one
of the icons of the modern feminist movement.
In 1972, sex discrimination was banned in schools, resulting in an increase
in women in athletics programs across America.
In 1973, via Roe v. Wade, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of a woman's right
to an abortion.
In 1978, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed, prohibiting
discrimination against pregnant women.
In 1984, EMILY's List (Early Money is Like Yeast) was established, providing
a financial network for pro-choice Democratic women seeking national political
office. Through this organization, increasing numbers of women have run for
and been elected to Congress.
In 1986, re; Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, the Supreme Court ruled that
sexual harassment is a form of illegal job discrimination.
In 1994, the Violence Against Women's Act tightened federal penalties for sex
offenders and provided special training of law enforcement officers as well
as funded services for victims of rape and domestic violence.
Although I've touched on the highlights of the American woman's search and
subsequent demand for equality in all areas of her life, there are thousands
upon thousands of women who have, in their own way, their own life, and through
their own circumstances, demanded and fought for their right for respect and
egalitarianism. I salute these women who, through hardships we will probably
never know or realize, have paved the way for those behind them.
by Christy French,
2006
A child of the '60's, I grew up with women declaring their independence,
burning their bras, rallying around free sex, and, in essence, demonstrating for
and demanding their autonomy. Due to their efforts, the role of women in
America was not only redefined but re-edified. Along with many young women of the
time, my heroes were Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem, and I considered them the
progenitors of the women's movement.
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Christy Tillery French P.O. Box 297 Heiskell TN 37754 E-mail: readermail@ChristyFrench.Com |
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